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Liana

Liana

A liana is woody climber that starts at ground level, and uses trees to climb up the canopy where they will spread from tree to tree to get as much light as posibble. Lianas are especially characteristic of tropical moist deciduous forests and rainforests. These climbers often form bridges between the forest canopy and connect the entire forest and provide many arboreal animals with paths across the forest without them having to descend from the trees. There are also temperate lianas, however, for example the members of the genus Clematis Well-known lianas include Monkey Ladder & Water Vine Clematis Note that "liana" is not a taxonomic grouping, but rather a description of the way the plant grows, and lianas may be found in many different plant families. Liana is also the name of a C/C++-like object-oriented programming language. See [http://basetechnology.com/liana.htm Liana Programming Language].

Clematis

See text. Clematis is a genus of mostly vigorous climbing lianas, with attractive flowers. Some species are shrubby, and some others are herbaceous perennials. They are found throughout the temperate regions of both hemispheres, and also in mountains in the tropics. The cool temperate species are deciduous, but many of the warmer climate species are evergreen. evergreen Most species are known as Clematis in English, while some are also known as traveller's joy, leather flower, vase vine and virgin's bower, the last three being names used for North American species. One recent classification recognised 297 species of clematis. Unsurprisingly, therefore, modern taxonomists subdivide the genus. Magnus Johnson divided Clematis into 19 sections, several with subsections [http://personal.inet.fi/koti/lofgren/Clemnet/Link_sections.htm#MJo]; Christopher Grey-Wilson divided the genus into 9 subgenera, several with sections and subsections within them [http://personal.inet.fi/koti/lofgren/Clemnet/Link_sections.htm#Gr-W]. Several of the subdivisions are fairly consistent between different classifications, for example all Grey-Wilson's subgenera are used as sections by Johnson. Subgenera of Clematis according to Grey-Wilson: :Clematis, Cheiropsis, Flammula, Archiclematis, Campanella, Atragene, Tubulosae, Pseudanemone, Viorna Some of these were previously classed as separate genera.

Species

A partial list of species:
- C. addisonii - Addison's Leather Flower
- C. albicoma - Whitehair Leather Flower
- C. alpina - Alpine Clematis, a hardy clematis flowering in August
- C. armandii - one of two evergreen Clematis species (the other is C. cirrhosa); it includes the 'Apple Blossom' and 'Snowdrift' cultivars.
- C. baldwinii - Pine Hyacinth
- C. bigelovii - Bigelow Clematis
- C. campaniflora - Portuguese Clematis subgenera
- C. caracasana - Clematis
- C. catesbyana - Satin curls
- C. cirrhosa - one of two evergreen Clematis species (the other is C. armandii); it includes the 'Freckles,' 'Wisley Cream,' 'Jingle Bells,' and 'balearica' cultivars.
- C. coactilis - Virginia Whitehair Leather Flower
- C. columbiana - British Columbia Virgin's-bower
- C. crispa - Curly Virginsbower
- C. dioica - Cabellos de Angel
- C. drummondii - Drummond Clematis
- C. florida - Asian Clematis
- C. fremontii - Fremont's Leather Flower
- C. glaucophylla - Whiteleaf Leather Flower subgenera
- C. hirsutissima - Hairy Clematis
- C. x jackmanii - Jackman's Clematis
- C. lasiantha - Pipestem Clematis
- C. ligusticifolia - Virgin's Bower
- C. marmoraria - New Zealand Dwarf Clematis
- C. montana - Anemone Clematis
- C. morefieldii - Huntsville Vasevine
- C. occidentalis - Western Blue Virginsbower
- C. ochroleuca - Curlyheads
- C. orientalis - Chinese Clematis
- C. palmeri - Palmer Clematis
- C. pauciflora - Ropevine Clematis
- C. pitcheri - Bluebill
- C. recta - Ground Clematis
- C. reticulata - Netleaf Leather Flower
- C. socialis - Alabama Leather Flower
- C. tangutica - Golden Clematis
- C. terniflora - Leatherleaf Clematis
- C. texensis - Scarlet Leather Flower
- C. versicolor - Manycolored Leather Flower
- C. viorna - Vasevine or Traveller's joy
- C. virginiana - Devil's Darning Needles, Virginia Bower
- C. vitalba - Traveller's Joy or Old Man's Beard - The flowers of this species are eaten by the larvae of moths including The V-Pug and Double-striped Pug and the leaves by Willow Beauty. Willow Beauty
- C. viticaulis - Millboro Leather Flower
- C. viticella - Italian Clematis

References

- Grey-Wilson, Christopher Clematis: The Genus : A Comprehensive Guide for Gardeners, Horticulturists and Botanists (Timber Press, 2000)
- Johnson, Magnus The Genus Clematis (Magnus Johnson Plantskola AB, 2001)

External links

- [http://personal.inet.fi/koti/lofgren/Clemnet/Link_Contents.htm Clematis on the Internet]
- [http://homepage.ntlworld.com/bcollingwood/index.htm Clematis from Seed] Category:Flowers Category:Ranunculales simple:Clematis

Taxonomy

Taxonomy (from Greek verb tassein = "to classify" and nomos = law, science, cf "economy") may refer to:
- the science of classification (see alpha taxonomy)
- a classification Initially taxonomy was only the science of classifying living organisms, but later the word was applied in a wider sense, and may also refer to either a classification of things, or the principles underlying the classification. Almost anything, animate objects, inanimate objects, places, and events, may be classified according to some taxonomic scheme. Taxonomies are frequently hierarchical in structure. However taxonomy may also refer to relationship schemes other than hierarchies, such as network structures. Other taxonomies may include single children with multi-parents, for example, "Car" might appear with both parents "Vehicle" and "Steel Mechanisms". A taxonomy might also be a simple organization of objects into groups, or even an alphabetical list. In current usage within "Knowledge Management", taxonomies are seen as slightly less broad than ontologies. Mathematically, a hierarchical taxonomy is a tree structure of classifications for a given set of objects. At the top of this structure is a single classification, the root node, that applies to all objects. Nodes below this root are more specific classifications that apply to subsets of the total set of classified objects. So for instance in common schemes of scientific classification of organisms, the root is the Organism (as this applies to all living things, it is implied rather than stated explicitly). Below this are the Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species, with various other ranks sometimes inserted. Some have argued that the human mind naturally organizes its knowledge of the world into such systems. This view is often based on the epistemology of Immanuel Kant. Anthropologists have observed that taxonomies are generally embedded in local cultural and social systems, and serve various social functions. Perhaps the most well-known and influential study of folk taxonomies is Émile Durkheim's The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. The theories of Kant and Durkheim also influenced Claude Lévi-Strauss, the founder of anthropological structuralism. Lévi-Strauss wrote two important books on taxonomies: Totemism and The Savage Mind. Such taxonomies as those analyzed by Durkheim and Lévi-Strauss are sometimes called folk taxonomies to distinguish them from scientific taxonomies that claim to be disembedded from social relations and thus objective and universal. A recent neologism, folksonomy, should not be confused with Folk Taxonomy (though it is obviously a contraction of the two words). Those who support scientific taxonomies have recently criticized folksonomies by dubbing them fauxonomies. The phrase enterprise taxonomy is used in business to describe a very limited form of taxonomy used only within one organization. The field of solving or best-fitting of numerical equations that characterize all measurable quantities of a set of objects is called cluster analysis; this is a form of taxonomy called numerical taxonomy or taximetrics.

Vine

:For the Australian garage rock band, see the Vines. the Vines The term vine was originally a term for the plant on which grapes grew, from the word for wine (Greek oinos), for which grapes were grown. In American usage "vine" is now a generic term for all climbing plants. In British English "vine" is still specifically the Grape vine; other climbing plants are termed "climbers".

Climbing plants

Certain plants always grow as vines, while a few grow as vines only part of the time. For instance, poison ivy and bittersweet can grow as low shrubs when support is not available, but will become vines when support is available. A vine is a growth form based on long, flexible stems. This has two purposes. A vine may use rock exposures, other plants, or other supports for growth rather than investing energy in a lot of supportive tissue, enabling the plant to reach sunlight with a minimum investment of energy. This has been a highly-successful growth form for plants such as kudzu and Japanese honeysuckle, both of which are invasive exotics in parts of North America. Conversely, there are some tropical vines that develop skototropism and grow away from the light, a type of negative phototropism. The vine growth form may also enable plants to colonize large areas quickly, even without climbing high. This is the case with periwinkle and ground ivy. Most vines are flowering plants. These may be divided into woody vines or lianas, such as wisteria, kiwifruit, and common ivy, and herbaceous (nonwoody) vines, such as morning glory. One odd group of vining plants is the fern genus Lygodium, called climbing ferns. Here, the plant's stem does not climb, but rather the fronds (leaves) do. The fronds unroll from the tip, and theoretically never stop growing. In the meantime, they can form thickets as they unroll over other plants, rockfaces, and fences.

External links

- [http://www.chilebosque.cl/epiv.html Chilean native vines]

Category:Botany

botany Category:Plants zh-min-nan:Category:Si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k ko:분류:식물학 ja:Category:植物学 th:Category:พฤกษศาสตร์

Category:Plant morphology

Plant morphology is that field in botany that studies the diversity in forms, with the naked eye or slight optical magnification. This is opposed to plant anatomy that needs to cut into plants to be able to study its subject, usually with a microscope. Category: botany Category: plants

Wikipedia:WikiProject Station

Title

WikiProject Station

Scope

This WikiProject aims to provide a standard format for articles about a train station or metro station. Naming convention is excluded. Consult Wikipedia:Naming conventions (stations) instead. Consult wikiproject trains for rail line and railway format.

Parentage

The parent of this project is WikiProject Transport.

Descendant Wikiprojects

No descendant WikiProjects have been defined.

Similar Wikiprojects

Participants

- Taku
- Golbez
- Meelar
- ScottKuberski - Esp. Japanese Railstations
- Ambivalenthysteria representing WikiProjectMelbourne
- TPK for Melbourne and Australia as well
- alren for Mumbai (Western Railway suburban). Continuing from Utcursch
- Somebody in the WWW
- Vaoverland

Naming

Migrated to Wikipedia:Naming conventions (stations).

Structure

The lead paragraph shall include the name of the station as it appears on the system map, and not a short-hand name, but those can and should be mentioned later. It shall also mention the system, the city or area, and the line the station lies on, and, if notable, the location on that line. The next information should be the area served by the station, and major establishments and attractions near it. A list of lesser but still notable places should be supplied later. The date service began should probably be here. Notable historic events specific to that rail station should go in the next paragraph. A table should exist, displaying the line(s) and the next stations on that line, with a link to the appropriate line.

Template

station is a line station in city/area on the line(s).  (Notable
information here, like if it's a terminus or changeover station)

It is located at (address/intersection).  (Other notable locations here, like proximity to a 
university or sports venue).  Service began date.

Notable Places Nearby

 - List of places that people going to this station may be interested in knowing about

The table should go below the rest, since this kind of information is more appropriately rendered horizontally on the bottom. The western or northern or counter-clockwise station should go on the left. If there is a western or eastern link, that should take precedence (as seen in the second example below), since it would make poor sense to have the eastern link on the left. Examples of tables: (If you have any comments on this table, please discuss them in the talk page. This is a draft that seems to work well) Stations

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Liana

See also

Clematis

Species

References

External links

Taxonomy

See also

Vine

Climbing plants

External links

See also

Category:Botany

Category:Plant morphology

Wikipedia:WikiProject Station

Title

Scope

Parentage

Descendant Wikiprojects

Similar Wikiprojects

Participants

Naming

Structure

Template

Notable Places Nearby

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Season-by-season

In Albania

In Herzegovina

In Greece

City of Toronto - pre-amalgamation